Research Report
Rhys
2024-03-26
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Introduction
In this particular analysis, we aiming to present how the penguins
differ from species to species, and from island to island. We want to
show case how these differences are present across the 4 measures
collected bill_length_mm, bill_depth_mm,
flipper_length_mm, and body_mass_g.
To help users navigate our beautiful document with greater ease, and
to provide an element of interactivity, we will be using
{.tabset} on our headers. Behind the scenes, it operates on
a hierarchical structure, which is dependent on the level of your
heading. This gets a bit weird and theoretical, so playing around with
it in your own work is the best approach to getting a feel for it. But
if you would like more information, please check the following link: https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/html-tabs.html
Summary stats
By Species
| Characteristic | Adelie, N = 1521 | Chinstrap, N = 681 | Gentoo, N = 1241 |
|---|---|---|---|
| island | |||
| Biscoe | 44 (29%) | 0 (0%) | 124 (100%) |
| Dream | 56 (37%) | 68 (100%) | 0 (0%) |
| Torgersen | 52 (34%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Bill Length (mm) | 38.8 (2.7) | 48.8 (3.3) | 47.5 (3.1) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Bill Depth(mm) | 18.35 (1.22) | 18.42 (1.14) | 14.98 (0.98) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Flipper Length(mm) | 190 (7) | 196 (7) | 217 (6) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Body Mass(g) | 3,701 (459) | 3,733 (384) | 5,076 (504) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| sex | |||
| female | 73 (50%) | 34 (50%) | 58 (49%) |
| male | 73 (50%) | 34 (50%) | 61 (51%) |
| Unknown | 6 | 0 | 5 |
| 1 n (%); Mean (SD) | |||
By Island
| Characteristic | Biscoe, N = 1681 | Dream, N = 1241 | Torgersen, N = 521 |
|---|---|---|---|
| species | |||
| Adelie | 44 (26%) | 56 (45%) | 52 (100%) |
| Chinstrap | 0 (0%) | 68 (55%) | 0 (0%) |
| Gentoo | 124 (74%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Bill Length (mm) | 45.3 (4.8) | 44.2 (6.0) | 39.0 (3.0) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Bill Depth(mm) | 15.87 (1.82) | 18.34 (1.13) | 18.43 (1.34) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Flipper Length(mm) | 210 (14) | 193 (8) | 191 (6) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Body Mass(g) | 4,716 (783) | 3,713 (417) | 3,706 (445) |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| sex | |||
| female | 80 (49%) | 61 (50%) | 24 (51%) |
| male | 83 (51%) | 62 (50%) | 23 (49%) |
| Unknown | 5 | 1 | 5 |
| 1 n (%); Mean (SD) | |||
By Sex
| Characteristic | female, N = 1651 | male, N = 1681 |
|---|---|---|
| species | ||
| Adelie | 73 (44%) | 73 (43%) |
| Chinstrap | 34 (21%) | 34 (20%) |
| Gentoo | 58 (35%) | 61 (36%) |
| island | ||
| Biscoe | 80 (48%) | 83 (49%) |
| Dream | 61 (37%) | 62 (37%) |
| Torgersen | 24 (15%) | 23 (14%) |
| Bill Length (mm) | 42.1 (4.9) | 45.9 (5.4) |
| Bill Depth(mm) | 16.43 (1.80) | 17.89 (1.86) |
| Flipper Length(mm) | 197 (13) | 205 (15) |
| Body Mass(g) | 3,862 (666) | 4,546 (788) |
| 1 n (%); Mean (SD) | ||
Reporting our data in text
We can also report our data in text. It will look ugly here, but will be magical in the finished document. The in-line coding is achieved through using backticks and including the letter “r” (as seen below). To simplify process, we first use some data manipulation to define items we want to communicate. The end product allows us to produce transparent analysis, and minimises the risk of typos. As a bonus, it also allows us to re-run our analysis at a much quicker rate if our data is updated!
Once again, we will use the {.tabset} to allow our
audience to quickly navigate the document. However, this time we are
also using {.tabset-pills} to change the appearance. Pick
and choose which visual style you think is most appropriate for your
presentation. (Playing with the themes will change the appearance of the
tabsets and tabset-pills as well, so there is plenty of scope for
experimenting).
By Species
The mean weight of the Adelie penguins is 3700.66g (sd = 458.57).
The mean weight of the Chinstrap penguins is 3733.09g (sd = 384.34).
The mean weight of the Gentoo penguins is 5076.02g (sd = 504.12).
By Island
The mean weight of the penguins on Biscoe island is 4716.02g (sd = 782.86).
The mean weight of the penguins on Dream island is 3712.9g (sd = 384.34).
The mean weight of the penguins on Torgersen island is 3706.37g (sd = 504.12).
ANOVA and Posthocs
Species
Analysis
| Characteristic | Adelie, N = 1521 | Chinstrap, N = 681 | Gentoo, N = 1241 | Test Statistic | p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Mass(g) | 3,701 (459) | 3,733 (384) | 5,076 (504) | 343.6263 | <0.001 |
| 1 Mean (SD) | |||||
| 2 One-way ANOVA | |||||
One way ANOVA on differences of body mass by species was significant (F(2,339) = 343.6262752, p < 0.001).
- Games Howell Post-hoc analyses were conducted.
- The body mass of Gentoo Penguins (M=5076.02, SD= 504.12) was significantly greater (95%CI[1236.69, 1514.02],p<0.001) than that of Adelie penguins (M=3700.66, SD= 458.57).
- The body mass of the Gentoo Penguins was also significant greater (95%CI[1189, 1496.86],p<0.001) than the Chinstrap penguins (M=3733.09, SD=384.34).
- No significant difference (95%CI[-108.89, 173.74], p=0.85) was present between Adelie (M=3700.66, SD= 458.57) and Chinstrap penguins (M=3733.09, SD=384.34).
Plot
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
Island
Analysis
| Characteristic | Biscoe, N = 1681 | Dream, N = 1241 | Torgersen, N = 521 | Test Statistic | p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Mass(g) | 4,716 (783) | 3,713 (417) | 3,706 (445) | 110.008 | <0.001 |
| 1 Mean (SD) | |||||
| 2 One-way ANOVA | |||||
One way ANOVA on differences of body mass by Island was significant (F(2,339) = 110.0079651, p < 0.001).
- Games Howell Post-hoc analyses were conducted.
- the body mass of Dream Penguins (M=3712.9, SD= 416.64) of B was significantly lower (95%CI [-1170.94, -835.29],p<0.001) than the Biscoe penguins (M=4716.02, SD= 782.86).
- The body mass of the Torgersen penguins(M =3706.37, SD =445.11) also was significant lower (95%CI [-1215.41, -803.88],p<0.001) than the Biscoe Penguins (M=4716.02, SD=782.86) .
- There was no significant difference (95%CI [-179.84, 166.78], p<0.997) between the body mass of the Torgersen Island Penguins (M =3706.37, SD =445.11) and the Dream Island penguins (M=3712.9, SD= 416.64).
Plot
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
Extra plots
Here we will make use of the plotly package to make our
plots interactive. The good news is, this is super simple if you already
know how to use ggplot. Simply assign your plot to an
object, and then wrap it in the ggplotly() function. The
appearance of your plot may change compared to your original design as
its converted to a plotly item, so so experimenting is
recommended. For more information and vignettes, check the following
link: https://plotly.com/ggplot2/
Bio Sex
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).Species by Bio Sex
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).Island by Bio Sex
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).Scatter plot
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_smooth()`).EVERYTHING!!!
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_ydensity()`).## Warning: Groups with fewer than two data points have been dropped.## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).